Finding specific things
Downloads can go missing from three places: the Dock, the Finder sidebar, or the disk. A ten-second test tells you which, and each one has a short fix.
Three different things get reported as "my Downloads folder is gone", and each has its own fix. Start with the quickest test: in Finder, choose Go > Downloads (or press ⌥⌘L). Apple's Finder shortcuts page lists that key for opening the Downloads folder.
To put the Dock icon back, open your home folder in Finder (⇧⌘H), then drag the Downloads folder onto the right-hand side of the Dock, in the area beside the Trash. Control-click the new icon to choose whether it shows as a folder or a stack.
To put it back in the sidebar, choose Finder > Settings, click Sidebar, and tick Downloads.
Apple's guide says the Dock comes with a Downloads folder, shown as a blue folder with a download symbol or as a stack of files. If you dragged it off the Dock, the folder itself was not deleted. Dragging an icon out of the Dock removes only the shortcut, so your files are still in ~/Downloads.
Apple's Dock guide puts apps to the left of the separator line and files and folders to the right of it, which is the side the Trash is on. Once the folder is there, Control-click it: Display as offers Folder or Stack, and View content as offers Fan, Grid or List.
The sidebar is a list of links, and Apple's guide notes that removing an entry leaves the real folder where it was. Choose Finder > Settings > Sidebar and look under the Favorites group for Downloads. If the whole Favorites group is gone, tick at least one item in it and the group returns.
If the Favorites heading is there but nothing shows under it, the section is collapsed. Hold the pointer over the heading and click the arrow that appears. You can also drag the Downloads folder from your home folder into the Favorites section, which is how Apple's guide adds any folder to the sidebar.
Check the three usual places, in this order.
Downloads is there, Control-click it and choose Put Back, which returns it to your home folder.This Terminal command prints the folder's path if it's where it should be, and No such file or directory if it isn't:
ls -d ~/Downloads
Put the folder back with its original name, exactly Downloads, directly inside your home folder. The shortcut and the sidebar entry both point at that location. If something has already created a new, empty Downloads folder there, move the files from the old folder into the new one rather than replacing it, then trash the old folder only after you've checked everything arrived. Whether macOS or a browser recreates the folder on its own isn't something Apple documents, so check before assuming.
Sometimes the folder is fine and files just aren't landing in it. Browsers have their own setting:
If a browser is set to ask every time (Safari's Ask for each download, Chrome's Ask where to save each file before downloading), each download goes wherever you pick in the dialog. For an app that saves into its own folder, see where Mac downloads go.
When the folder was dragged somewhere or renamed, search for something that was inside it rather than for the folder. In Everywhere, type a word from a file you downloaded recently, such as invoice .pdf: the folder shown beside the result is where your Downloads ended up, whatever it's called now. If it kept its name, folder:Downloads lists every folder called Downloads. Downloads, Desktop and Documents, where a dragged folder usually lands, are only indexed once Everywhere has Full Disk Access. For the wider picture of what lives in your home folder, the default Mac folders post lists each one.
Open your home folder in Finder (⇧⌘H) and drag Downloads to the right side of the Dock, beside the Trash. Control-click the icon to show it as a folder or a stack.
The entry was probably unticked. Choose Finder > Settings > Sidebar and tick Downloads. Removing it from the sidebar doesn't delete the folder.
Press ⌥⌘L or choose Go > Downloads. If nothing opens, check the Trash for it and use Put Back, or search for a renamed folder by name.
Not until you empty the Trash. Open the Trash, Control-click the folder and choose Put Back. After the Trash is emptied, restore it from a backup such as Time Machine.
Everywhere keeps track of every file on your Mac, including the folders Spotlight hides and drives you have unplugged. Free for a day, then $19 once.
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